Madero was nominated by an anti-reelection party, this sparked anti Diaz forces all around the country. Madero began a grand tour around Mexico where he stirred up fervor for his campaign. Madero was able to unite the repressed peasents, middle class, land owners, elites left out of Diazs government and liberals behind him. This powerful political coalition scared Diaz and he arrested Madero later in 1910.
Prior, the Pact of the Embassy between Huerta, Díaz, and U.S. Ambassador Wilson was created. This united united both Huerta and Díaz to a common cause. This was when the final steps were arranged for Madero's coup. This also assured that Huerta would gain presidency. On February 18th Madero and VP Suárez were arrested and three days later were assassinated.
In the first US invasion of Mexican territory since the mid-19th century, President Wilson ordered the American troops to occupy the port at Veracruz after learning a German ship was en route with arms. This occupation, while unpopular with Mexicans for the blatant breach of soverignty, eventually helped the Constitutionalists launch major attacks on the Huerta government.
Carranza received Diaz's permission to run for governor, and he gained the support of the sitting governor as well as Madero's father, but Don Porfirio's inflence blocked him from winning the election. He supported Francisco I. Madero's challenge to the Díaz regime in the elections and Madero's Plan to nullify the elections and overthrow Díaz by force.
Emiliano Zapata issued this plan which called for land and water rights be returned to the villages, the end of tyrannical leaders and peace to Mexico.
One this day, Porfirio Diaz agreed to step down from power and end the revolution. In return, Diaz nominated Foreign Secretary Francisco Leon de la Barra as interim president.
Pascual Orozco led a decisive victory against the federales at the railroad station in Rellano, Chihuahua. This took place 20 days after Orozco declared his rebellion, and two days before denounced the Madero administration in the Orozquista Plan.
The Plan of Ayala was a document drafted by Zapata that called for the overthrow of Modero and presented a land reform policy. Zapata accused Madero of abandoning the pueblos by not enacting agrarian reform. The Liberation Army, which was tasked with carrying out this task, would be led by Orozco (who was not consulted before this announcement). Zapata proposed that one-third of the large hacienda estates would be yielded to villages, and that if a hacienda resisted this reform, they would lose two-thirds of their estates; in addition to providing land for municipalities, their assets would provide pensions for widows and children of soldiers.
Starting in 1880, the Spanish Cortes de Generales, located in the Palacio de las Cortes, passed a law that gradually emancipated slaves. On October 7, 1886, slavery was officially declared abolished. Many whites, across the world, feared that slavery could not end peacefully, however this process disproved that assumption. Following abolition, many former slaves were still economically dependent on their former owners, to whom they owed compensation toward. Emancipation did not bring equality (95).
Following unrest due to the Pact of Zanjon and the subsequent second war that broke out, the region of El Cobre experienced much fighting between the Spanish and slaves that had now rebelled to fight for their independence. This area saw a massive increase in the number of farms abandoned as large numbers of slaves fled to either join the revolution and fight or flee to try and escape slavery as well as battle. Due to the previous "Ten Years War" that had already exhausted the region, it was much safer for slaves to flee then it had been in prior years.
Spanish Colonel leader, Aurelio Aguilera, trying to address the issue of uncooperative slaves. Prior to this Spanish authorities wanted slave owners to give the slaves a wage in fear of a rebellion. At La Esperanza, a sugar estate, with war spreading more and more slaves began to become "troublesome". Ten slaves were arrested and their freedom was demanding causing retaliation. The war was ended within ten minutes but it revealed many things. One being that slavery was becoming a more and more inviable form of labor and that owners had lost authority.
Jose Marti, while in exile in New York, founded the Cuban Revolution Party, which he used to organize people to return with him to Cuba to continue the fight for independence.
Archaeologists in Mexico have identified a ship that carried Mayan people into virtual slavery in the 1850s, the first time such a ship has been found. The wreck of the Cuban-based paddle-wheel steamboat was found in 2017, but wasn’t identified until researchers from the National Institute of Anthropology and History checked contemporary documents and found evidence it was the ship “La Unión.” The ship had been used to take Mayas captured during an 1847-1901 rebellion known as “The War of the Castes” to work in sugarcane fields in Cuba. Slavery was illegal in Mexico at the time, but operators of similar ships had reportedly bought seized captured combatants, or deceived Mayas left landless by the conflict to “sign on” as contract workers, often in Cuba, where they were treated like slaves.
As the chance of emancipation grew, enslaved people tackled bigger difficulties in the slave system. At La Esperanza, a sugar estate, the enslaved people started speaking out against the harsh leader. Aurelio Aguilera, a Spanish colonel, tried to scare the people into obedience by arresting 10 people seen as "troublesome" hoping that it would subdue the rest. This did not work out as planned as the people continued to fight back trying to get freedom for the 10 arrested earlier. The enslaved people challenged the soldiers which resulted in a 10 minute struggle. An additional two people were arrested and everyone else also received punishment. While this was not successful on the behalf of the enslaved people. It is still an extremely important event because it shows how slaveholders were losing their grip on power since they had to remind people of the social hierarchy, and even with these "reminders", people weren't being obedient.
The treaty of Zanjon freed only those slaves who had rebelled against Spain, leaving those who remained loyal to Spain enslaved. The treaty was created to solve the issues of emancipation but it produced opportunities for slaves to mount acts of open rebellion. The men at Zanjon had struck for peace under Spain over independence and emancipation, so they called for a continuation of war until both independence and full emancipation was secured.
After leaving Pinar del Rio Maceo was ambushed in Havana province. The Spanish did not realize they had killed one of the most famous leaders of the rebellion. Following his death his body was retrieved by the insurgents and later his body was dissected. Scientists theories of racial superiority to explain maceos talents.
Calixto Garcia, the president of the Cuban Revolutionary Committee, left New York to provide support in Cuba. When two prominent Black officers of the new insurrection surrendered to Spain in June of 1880, Spanish officials used this as proof that the insurrection was a race war. Furthermore, they used the surrender to convince Garcia that Blacks would not recognize his leadership or position in their insurgence. On August 3, 1880, Garcia surrendered himself to Spain.
Over 2000 insurgency members deferred to Spanish authorities after running out of resources and losing their homes. The Spanish authorities gave these former members land to build new houses and grow crops to survive on
A brief war caused by a separatist insurrection. The revolt was highly organized and over 400 mounted soldiers swept into the eastern and middle provinces. The main conflict of this war was the status of slaves and former slaves in the new Cuban republic. It also dealt with black and mulatto political power within the nationalist movement.
